ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 has increased social distancing and the isolation of elderly people, which brings adverse effects to their physical and mental health. Objective: to study the influence of feelings of loneliness on Cuban elderly people’s mental health (depression, anxiety and sleep disorders) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Observational study of 585 65 year old people and older ones included in the Aging and Alzheimer Longitudinal Study. The interviews were conducted from October 1 to November 30, 2020, during phase 3 of pandemic recovery in Havana province. The geriatric mental state (GMS) was used to identify feelings of loneliness, depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. Results: Was found a high prevalence of feelings of loneliness (29,7 %), depression (37,9 %), anxiety (20,9 %), and insomnia (28,9 %). Loneliness increased the probability of depression, OR= 5,37 (IC 95 % from 3,66 to 7,89), anxiety 0R = 3,60 (IC 95 % from 2,38 to 5,46) and insomnia OR = 2,88 (IC 95 %; from 1,97 to 4,22), the connection remaining significantly in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions. Social distancing and restriction measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have brought negative consequences on elderly people’s mental health and well-being. Further studies are necessary to identify risk factors and develop procedures to reduce the effects of social distancing on elderly people’s mental health in situations like the pandemic and also in periods of normalcy.

RESUMEN Introducción: La COVID-19 ha incrementado el distanciamiento social y el confinamiento de las personas mayores, lo cual tiene efectos adversos para su salud física y mental. Objetivo: estudiar la influencia sobre la salud mental (depresión, ansiedad y trastornos del sueño) de los sentimientos de soledad durante la actual pandemia por la COVID-19 en personas mayores cubanas. Métodos: Estudio observacional en 585 personas de 65 años y más procedentes del Estudio longitudinal Envejecimiento y Alzheimer. Las entrevistas se realizaron del 1 de octubre al 30 de noviembre del 2020, durante la fase 3 de recuperación de la pandemia en la provincia de La Habana. El estado mental geriátrico (GMS), se utilizó en la identificación de sentimientos de soledad, depresión, ansiedad y trastornos del sueño. Resultados: Se encontró una elevada prevalencia de sentimientos de soledad 29,7 %, depresión 37,9 %, ansiedad 20,9 % e insomnio 28,9 %. La soledad incrementó la probabilidad de depresión, OR = 5,37 (IC 95 % de 3,66 a 7,89), ansiedad OR = 3,60 (IC 95 % de 2,38 a 5,46) e insomnio OR = 2,88 (IC 95 %; de 1,97 a 4,22), manteniéndose la asociación de forma significativa en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: El aislamiento social y las medidas de restricción durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 han tenido consecuencias negativas en la salud mental y el bienestar de las personas mayores; se necesita continuar estudios que permitan identificar sus factores de riesgo y desarrollar intervenciones para disminuir los efectos del aislamiento social en la salud mental de las personas mayores en situaciones como la actual pandemia y en periodos de normalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The existence of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) represents an unprecedented health problem around the world, including people with dementia, their families and caregivers. Objectives: To study the characteristics of caregivers and care recipients as well as the burden among caregivers of people with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Prospective observational study. The universe comprised 3000 people aged 65 years who were selected by simple random sampling without replacement from the population based study of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Of them, 160 participants from Havana were evaluated at two different moments: in 2016 - 2018 and from October 1 to November 30, 2020. Results: The caregivers who were evaluated during the pandemic presented higher levels of stress or higher Zarit burden Interview scores (p=0,017) as well as a greater morbidity as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (p<0,0001) in relation to the study conducted in 2016-2018. Stress among caregivers was associated with the presence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms, OR = 1,02 (95 % CI 1.00-1.03); stages of dementia, OR = 1,61 (95 % CI, 1.45-1.76); greater care needs, OR = 1,56 (95 % CI, 1.14-2.77); fear of getting sick from COVID-19, OR = 1,52 (95 % CI, 1.11-4.12); insecurity about the future, OR = 1,26 (95 % CI, 1.04 -2.53) and job abandonment due to care, OR = 1,19 (95 % CI, 1.01-2.12). Conclusions: Our findings confirm that there is greater stress and burden among caregivers of people living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic and that there is a need to achieve coordinated actions in the national health system strategies aimed at supporting people with dementia and caregivers.

RESUMEN Introducción: La existencia del SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) representa un problema de salud sin precedentes en todo el mundo, incluidas las personas con demencia, sus familias y cuidadores. Objetivo: Estudiar las características del cuidado y el grado de sobrecarga en cuidadores de personas con demencia durante la pandemia causada por la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo. El universo comprendió 3000 personas de 65 años seleccionadas por un muestreo aleatorio simple sin reposición procedentes del estudio poblacional Envejecimiento y Alzheimer, de ellas 160 participantes, residentes en La Habana fueron evaluados en dos momentos diferentes; 2016 - 2018 y del 1 de octubre al 30 de noviembre de 2020. Resultados: Los cuidadores evaluados durante la pandemia presentaron mayor estrés o sobrecarga según la escala de Zarit (p=0,017) y mayor morbilidad según el cuestionario general de salud (p<0,0001) en relación con el estudio realizado en 2016-2018. El estrés en los cuidadores se asoció con la presencia y severidad de los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales, OR=1.02 (IC 95 % 1,00-1,03), el estadio de la demencia OR= 1,61 (IC 95 %, 1,45-1,76), mayores necesidades de cuidados OR=1.56 (IC 95 %, 1.14-2.77), temor a enfermar por la COVID-19 OR= 1.52 (IC 95 %, 1.11-4.12), inseguridad en el futuro OR= 1,26 (IC 95 %, 1,04-2,53) y el abandono del trabajo por el cuidado OR= 1,19 (IC 95 %, 1,01-2,12). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos confirman mayor estrés y sobrecarga en cuidadores de personas que viven con demencia durante la pandemia y la necesidad de una acción coordinada en las estrategias del sistema nacional de salud, dirigida a las personas con demencias y los cuidadores.

ABSTRACT Aging and Alzheimer is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study involving 2944 adults aged ≥65 years from selected areas in Cuba’s Havana and Matanzas Provinces. This door-to-door study, which began in 2003, includes periodic assessments of the cohort based on an interview; physical exam; anthropometric measurements; and diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, other mental disorders, and other chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Information was gathered on sociodemographic characteristics; disability, dependency and frailty; use of health services; and characteristics of care and caregiver burden. The first assessment also included blood tests: complete blood count, blood glucose, and liver function, lipid profile and ApoE4 genotype (a susceptibility marker). In 2007–2011, the second assessment was done of 2010 study subjects aged ≥65 years who were still alive. The study provides data on prevalence and incidence of dementia and its risk factors, and of related conditions that affect the health of older adults. It also contributes valuable experiences from field work and interactions with older adults and their families. Building on lessons learned, a third assessment to be done in 2016–2018 will incorporate a community intervention strategy to respond to diseases and conditions that predispose to dementia, frailty and dependency in older adults.

OBJETIVO: Em uma população miscigenada de cubanos idosos, estimamos a incidência de demência e a associação entre o genótipo da APOE e os fatores de risco sociodemográficos na incidência de demência. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma pesquisa de uma fase (linha de base) de todos os idosos com mais de 65 anos residentes em sete áreas de Cuba (n=2944), de 2003 a 2007. O diagnóstico de demência foi estabelecido de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV e do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi determinado em 2520 participantes. Avaliação da incidência foi conduzida 4,5 anos após a linha de base, a fim de estimar a incidência e associações com fatores de risco sociodemográficos e o genótipo APOE ε4. RESULTADOS: A taxa de incidência de demência foi de 9,0 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95% 7,2-11,3) de acordo com o DSM-IV e de 20,5 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95%, 17,6-23,5) de acordo com o 10/66. Idade avançada, história familiar de demência e genótipo APOE ε4 foram fatores de risco independentes para a incidência de demência de acordo com os critérios do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi associado com a prevalência de demência em estudo transversal, mas o efeito sobre a incidência de demência foi atenuado, e apenas aparente entre aqueles na faixa etária mais jovem. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de demência na população cubana mais velha é relativamente alta, semelhante às relatadas na Europa e América do Norte. O estudo mostra que a relação entre APOE ε4 incidente e demência é mais forte entre os idosos mais jovens e que esta alteração deve de ser considerada em modelos de demência.

OBJECTIVE: In an admixed population of older Cubans, the incidence and association of APOE and socio demographic risk factors with dementia incidence was estimated. METHODS: A single-phase survey (baseline) of all over 65-year-olds residing in seven catchment areas in Cuba (n=2944) was conducted between 2003 and 2007. Dementia diagnosis was established according to DSM-IV and 10/66 criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants. An incidence wave was conducted 4.5 years after cohort inception in order to estimate incidence and associations with sociodemographic risk factors of the APOE ε4 genotype. RESULTS: The incidence rate of DSM IV dementia was 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.3) and of 10/66 dementia was 20.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 17.6-23.5). Older age, a family history of dementia and APOE ε4 genotype were independent risk factors for incident 10/66 dementia. APOE genotype was associated cross-sectionally with dementia prevalence, but the effect on the incidence of dementia was attenuated, and only apparent among those in the youngest age group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of dementia in the older Cuban population is relatively high and similar to levels reported in Europe and North-America. The study showed that the relationship between APOE ε4 and incident dementia is stronger in the younger-old than the older-old and that this change must be taken into account in models of dementia.

The multisystem atrophy is a sporadic neurodegenerative disorder of unknown origin characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar disorders, autonomic dysfunction and pyramidal disease, provoked by a cellular loss and gliosis in the nigrostriatal, olivopontocerebellar and autonomic neurons and the presence of oligodendroglia and neuronal intracytoplasmic positive inclusions, ubiquitin, tau and alpha-sinuclein affecting men and women starting as average during the sixth decade of life and a prevalence of 4/100 000. The last diagnostic criteria of multisystem atrophy were showed as well as the clinical case of a patient aged 65 with a progressive picture of 4 years of evolution, progressive cerebellar ataxia, a rigid akinetic syndrome autonomic dysfunction, pyramidal signs and a poor response to levodopa with magnetic resonance images showing vermis atrophy, cerebellar hemispheres, cerebral stem (bridge) and hipointensity of both putamen regions in T2. We conclude that case was diagnosed with type C multisystem atrophy.

La atrofia multisistèmica constituye un trastorno neurodegenerativo esporádico de etiología no precisada que se caracteriza por parkinsonismo, trastornos cerebelosos, disfunción autonómica y piramidalismo; los hallazgos patológicos comprenden pérdida celular y gliosis en las neuronas estriatonígricas, olivopontocerebelosas y autonómicas; y la presencia de inclusiones intracitoplasmáticas oligodendrogliales y neuronales, ubiquitina, tau y alfasinucleína positivas. Afecta tanto a hombres como a mujeres, con inicio en la sexta década de la vida como promedio y una prevalencia de 4/100 000. Se presentaron los últimos criterios diagnósticos de atrofia multisistémica y el caso clínico de un paciente de 65 años con un cuadro progresivo, de 4 años de evolución, ataxia cerebelosa progresiva, síndrome rígido acinético, disfunción autonómica, signos piramidales y mala respuesta a la levodopa, con imágenes de resonancia magnética que muestran atrofia de vermis, hemisferios cerebelosos, tallo cerebral (puente) e hipointensidad de ambas regiones putaminales en t2. Se concluyó el caso con el diagnóstico de atrofia multisistémica tipo C.